The Urgency of Protocol to Legislative 

By David Raja Marpaung

       The word comes from the Greek Protocol Protos: which means "the first", and "Kolla", which means glue or adhesive. As a whole, the protocol can be interpreted as the first piece of the order or decision of the king to the people.

In the Encyclopedia Britannica, 1962, the definition of the protocol is as:

"Protocol is a ceremonial body of rules to be observed in all official written or personal intercourse between the different heads of states or their Ministers, it lays down the styles and titles of states or their Ministers and indicates the forms and customary courtesies to be observed in all international acts "

(A protocol is a set of ceremonial rules in all official activities organized written and practiced, which includes the forms of respect for the country, as head of state or minister positions commonly found in all activities between nations)

Protocol definitions used in all process state is also contained in the legislation or law in Indonesia. Under Law No. 9 of 2010 Concerning Protocol, in Article 1, paragraph 1; Protocol is a series of activities related to the rules of the formal state occasion or event which includes Tata place, Tata Ceremony, and Tata Respect as a tribute to someone according to the position and / or position in the state, government, or society.

The existence of this protocol sendriri rule is not without meaning. Protocol turned out to have a purpose, among others:

a) paying tribute to State Officials, Government Officials, representatives of foreign countries and / or international organizations, as well as Community Leader Specific, and / or guests in the State in accordance with the position of the state, government, and society;

b) provide guidelines for the implementation of a program to run orderly, neat, smooth, and regular in accordance with the applicable rules and customs, both nationally and internationally, and

c) create good relations between nations in the governance of the association.

Once the importance of protocol problems, so this should be emphasized in the explanation of the Act Protocol; explained the importance or urgency of the protocol that the State respect the position of the State Officials, Government Officials, representatives of foreign countries and / or international organizations, and community leaders with Tata Specific regulation of Protocol . Protocol settings is needed to adjust to the dynamics of a growing and developing in the state system, culture, and traditions of the nation.

At the operational level, the importance of a protocol are:

1. Also determine the creation of atmosphere / climate that affect the success of a business.

2. Creating the association are closer to each other and can be accepted by all parties, although it contains elements that restrict personal movement.

3. Creation of a solemn ceremony, orderly, and well

4. The creation of the protection.

5. Creation of order and security in performing their duties.

With the development tekini, the protocols in the world in general has a duty commonly encountered are:

1. Compile a list with all levels.

2. Compile / make invitations

3. Regulate the location and completeness of the event / ceremony.

4. Arrange events

5. Prepare and complete event / ceremony

6. Ensuring a comfortable atmosphere / place for the invited

7. Dividing the task.

Protocols and Rights of State Officials

The protocol is important because it involves the imaging and rights owned by the person who held the position of either the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Here is seen the degree to which the person is respected or not, important or not important is determined by the protocol. For example, when members of Parliament traveling overseas for a working visit, the state attended a welcome member of the Indonesian parliament through protocol events in each event to nationality.

Thus, in a state occasion or formal event, state officials, government officials who do not earn respect and appropriate treatment protocol is a violation of his position on charges of "abuse of office".

In the world of protocol, known what obless Nobless name, it means that every nobleman (in the present state officials or government officials), it is obliged to uphold the commitment that all of it is set in great detail in the protocol, which means sitting arranged, how talk and so on.

In Law No. 9 of 2010, listed in Article 9 that the chairman, vice chairman, and a member of the legislature has the right to place in the Event Planning and Events Official State in the Capital of the Republic of Indonesia. So that each member of the MPR, DPR, DPD and should have a prominent place in every state occasion and formal ceremony was held in the Republic of Indonesia.

To implement the protocol field, in Indonesia, each state institutions such as the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), the House of Representatives (DPR), and the Regional Representative Council (DPD) has a Head of Protocol. In areas with a combined protocol Bureau of Public Relations.

Based on the above; important role in the activities of organizations such as the protocol legislature must be addressed and managed professionally. Knowledge of protocol to be very important because it is essentially a protocol service activities socially appropriate norms and rules of both national and international, so as to achieve the satisfaction of all parties.

 Pentingnya Potokol di Lingkungan Legislatif

Oleh David Raja Marpaung[1]

Kata Protokol berasal dari Bahasa Yunani Protos:  yang berarti “yang pertama”, dan “Kolla”, yang bermakna  lem atau perekat. Secara utuh, protokol dapat diartikan sebagai lembaran pertama dari perintah atau keputusan raja kepada rakyatnya.

Dalam Encyclopedia Britannica 1962, definisi protokol adalah sebagai berikut:

“Protokol is a body of ceremonial rules to be observed in all written or personal official intercourse between the heads of different states or their ministers, it lays down the styles and titles of states or their ministers and indicates the forms and customary courtesies to be observed in all international acts”

            (Protokol adalah serangkaian aturan-aturan keupacaraan dalam segala kegiatan resmi yang diatur secara  tertulis maupun dipraktekan, yang meliputi bentuk-bentuk penghormatan terhadap negara, jabatan kepala negara atau jabatan menteri yang lazim dijumpai dalam seluruh kegiatan antar bangsa)

           

Definisi protokol yang dipakai di dalam segala proses kenegaraan juga terdapat dalam perundangan atau hukum di Indonesia. Berdasarkan UU Nomor 9 Tahun 2010 Tentang Keprotokolan, dalam Pasal 1 ayat 1;   Keprotokolan adalah serangkaian kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan aturan dalam acara kenegaraan atau acara resmi yang meliputi Tata Tempat, Tata Upacara, dan Tata Penghormatan sebagai bentuk penghormatan kepada seseorang sesuai dengan jabatan dan/atau kedudukannya dalam negara, pemerintahan, atau masyarakat.

Keberadaan aturan protokol ini sendriri bukannya tanpa makna. Protokol ternyata memiliki tujuan yang antara  lain :

a)    memberikan penghormatan kepada Pejabat Negara, Pejabat Pemerintahan, perwakilan Negara asing dan/atau organisasi internasional, serta Tokoh Masyarakat Tertentu, dan/atau Tamu Negara sesuai dengan kedudukan dalam negara, pemerintahan, dan masyarakat;

b)    memberikan pedoman penyelenggaraan suatu acara agar berjalan tertib, rapi, lancar, dan teratur sesuai dengan ketentuan dan kebiasaan yang berlaku, baik secara nasional maupun internasional; dan

c)    menciptakan hubungan baik dalam tata pergaulan antarbangsa.

Begitu pentingnya masalah protokol, sehingga hal ini harus ditekankan dalam penjelasan UU Keprotokolan; dijelaskan pentingnya atau urgensi dari keprotokolan bahwa Negara menghormati kedudukan para Pejabat Negara, Pejabat Pemerintahan, perwakilan negara asing dan/atau organisasi internasional, serta Tokoh Masyarakat Tertentu dengan Tata Pengaturan mengenai Keprotokolan. Pengaturan Keprotokolan tersebut perlu disesuaikan dengan dinamika yang tumbuh dan berkembang dalam sistem ketatanegaraan, budaya, dan tradisi bangsa.

Di dalam level operasional, pentingnya suatu protokol adalah:

1. Ikut menentukan terciptanya suasana/iklim yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan suatu usaha.
2. Menciptakan tata pergaulan yang mendekatkan satu sama lain dan dapat diterima oleh semua pihak, walaupun mengandung unsur-unsur yang membatasi gerak pribadi.
3. Terciptanya suatu upacara yang khidmat, tertib, dan lancar
4. Terciptanya pemberian perlindungan.
5. Terciptanya ketertiban dan rasa aman dalam menjalankan tugas.

Dengan perkembangan tekini, maka protokol di seluruh dunia secara umum di memiliki tugas yang biasa ditemui adalah:

1.    Menyusun daftar tamu dengan segala tingkatannya.

2.    Menyusun/membuat undangan

3.    Mengatur lokasi dan kelengkapan acara/upacara.

4.     Menyusun acara

5.    Menyiapkan lokasi dan kelengkapan acara/upacara

6.    Mengusahakan kenyamanan suasana/tempat bagi yang diundang

7.    Membagi tugas.

Protokol dan Hak Pejabat Negara

Protokol itu memang penting karena menyangkut pencitraan dan hak yang dimiliki pada seseorang yang menjabat posisi baik lembaga eksekutif, legislatif, maupun yudikatif. Disinilah terlihat tingkat dimana orang itu dihormati atau tidak, penting atau tidak pentingnya ditentukan oleh protokol. Misalnya ketika anggota DPR berkunjung ke luar negeri untuk kunjungan kerja, negara yang didatangi menyambut anggota parlemen dari Indonesia melalui acara keprotokolan dalam setiap acara ke negaraan.

Dengan demikian, Dalam suatu acara kenegaraan atau acara resmi, pejabat negara, pejabat pemerintah yang tidak memperoleh penghormatan dan perlakuan protokol sesuai kedudukannya adalah merupakan pelanggaran dengan tuduhan “pelecehan jabatan”.

Dalam dunia protokol, dikenal apa yang namanya nobless obless, itu artinya bahwa setiap bangsawan (dalam kekinian pejabat negara atau pejabat pemerintahan), itu berkewajiban menjunjung tinggi komitmen yang semuanya itu diatur dengan sangat detil didalam protokol, dimana cara duduk saja diatur sedemikian rupa, cara bicara dan sebagainya.

Di dalam UU Nomor 9 tahun 2010, dalam pasal 9 tercantum bahwa ketua, wakil ketua, dan juga anggota lembaga legislatif memiliki hak dalam Tata Tempat dalam Acara Kenegaraan dan Acara Resmi di Ibukota Negara Republik Indonesia. Sehingga setiap anggota MPR, DPR, dan DPD harus memiliki tempat terhormat dalam setiap acara kenegaraan dan acara resmi yang diadakan di Republik Indonesia.

Untuk melaksanakan bidang keprotokolan, di Indonesia, masing-masing lembaga tinggi negara seperti Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR), Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR), dan Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD) memiliki Kepala Biro Protokol. Di daerah-daerah biro protokol digabung dengan Biro Humas.  

Berdasarkan uraian di atas; pentingnya peranan  keprotokolan dalam aktifitas organisasi seperti lembaga legislatif harus mendapat  perhatian dan dikelola secara profesional. Pengetahuan keprotokolan menjadi amat penting karena pada hakekatnya keprotokolan merupakan kegiatan pelayanan sesuai norma dan kaidah pergaulan nasional maupun internasional, sehingga dapat tercapai kepuasan semua pihak.

---

[1] Staff Ahli Pimpinan Komisi I DPR RI ( Peratahanan, Intelijen, Hubungan Luar Negeri, Informasi dan Teknologi Komunikasi)

Problems of Law Enforcement in marine / shipping and Maritime protection in Indonesia

Problems of Law Enforcement in marine / shipping and Maritime protection in Indonesia

By David Raja Marpaung

1. Aspect of the Authority
More information can be identified overlapping issues authority between organisation in law enforcement at sea as follows:
a) The issue of clarity governing authority of law enforcement the sea and the beach by the agency / government officials field responsible for State administration including the order and security of maritime safety (Enforcement) in the Port / Airport, at sea and on board.
b) Supervisor fishery by fishery investigators, the Navy and Police. (Article 69, paragraph 2, of Law 31/2004).
c) Supervision and or the implementation of control coastal area management (sea borders land includes water as far as 12 nautical miles measured from the coast, linking the coastal waters and islands, bays,
58th shallow, brackish marshes and lagoons) through coastal patrols by police, investigators and government.
d) Investigators biological conservation of natural resources and ecosystems by Police and investigators Ministry of Forestry, Environment, and DKP, conducted throughout Indonesian territory, including the territorial waters of Indonesia.
e) The area of ​​the Indonesian mining law is a whole Indonesian archipelago, the land under the waters of Indonesia and continental shelf islands of Indonesia. Exploration and exploitation
marine wealth
f) Authority as an investigator in the oil and gas activities carried out by the police and investigators. Mining jurisdictions Indonesia is the whole area of ​​land, water, and off continental Indonesia.
g) Indonesian EEZ is a line outside and adjacent to the sea Indonesian territory as defined by the Law
the applicable Indonesian waters covering seabed, subsoil and water above the limit outermost 200 nautical miles measured from the base of nautical miles measured from the Indonesian territorial sea baselines. Current EEZ Surveillance conducted by the Navy.
h) National Police in carrying out their roles and functions. Police referred to in Articles 2 and 5 include
entire territory of Indonesia. This means that the implementation of the tasks Police covers an area of ​​sea and beaches, including the EEZ Indonesia, in accordance with Law No.02/2002 on the Police State.
i) Monitoring of forest, such as the case of illegal logging by Police and investigators MoF, Customs.
k) The powers and responsibilities of deterrence against carried out by the foreign minister, as far as matters
immigration;
l) The income and expenditure of the place is a port sea, river port, ferry ports, airports, post offices, border posts with other countries and elsewhere deemed necessary, designated as a place to insert and / or remove pests and carriers animal diseases, pests and diseases of fish or organisms nuisance plant. Investigations of quarantine by investigators Quarantine Agency (Ministry of Agriculture) and the Police
(Law no. 16/1992 concerning Animal, Fish & Plants Article 30, Article 1, point 12)
m) The area is also supervising the exploration and exploitation of natural resources in the sea. In terms of exploration and exploitation of natural resources in the sea controlled by the Navy, Police, EMR, DKP, KLH.
n) Monitoring the conservation of natural resources and ecosystems carried out by the police, DKP, the MoF and the government.

2)  Institutional Aspects
Some problems related to institutional Law Enforcement and Security in the sea and beach identified
as follows:

a) Bakorkamla
Although it has been established Marine Security Coordination Agency, but law enforcement and marine safety can not be shows optimal results. This is due to several
as follows:
1) The individual elements remain in the organization parent institution;
2) The system of budgeting depends on its parent agency so it is very difficult to be saved in activities particular as one of the program Bakorkamla;
3) The focus of the implementation of the tasks, functions, powers and refers to the assignment of responsibility and authority of the parent institution;
4) There is a diversity of systems and procedures (not uniform);
5) Confusing the public in the government's efforts about law enforcement (in the sea).

b) Sea and Coast Guard
1) Not organized establishment of Sea and Coast Guard and Sea Fleet Base and Coast Guard in
duties of law enforcement in the sea and the beach independently, both internally and externally
(Cross-sectional). Institutional current level is KPLP directorate under the Directorate General of Sea. The unit of work is not supported by a judicial authority according to law nationwide, especially regarding law enforcement at sea, implemented so that only relevant role in the technical communication course, and organizationally KPLP only at the directorate and led by middle officials level.

Land Dispute in Kaligentong, Tulungagung, West Java, Indonesia

By David Raja Marpaung

1. Preliminary

Land dispute between the citizens and residents of the former plantation Kaligentong Army (in this case in the land Kodam V Brawijaya) has lasted decades. Residents reporting related to the Commission I of the House of Representatives, the Vice Chairman of Commission I Tubagus Hasanuddin entourage directly to the field monitoring carried out on 26 April 2012.

On this visit, Mr. TB Hasanuddin coincide with the gathering of citizens and meet Implementing Agencies Release of Land Settlement (P3L) formed by local citizens, the leadership of the local area, and representatives from the police. While representatives of Kodam V Brawijaya absent.

As for some important findings obtained facts, among others

Claimed territory consists of three areas, namely:

1. Secreted, with an area of ​​338 hectares, and the number of families as many as 135 families

2. Kalibatur, with an area of ​​1526 ha, and the number of families as much as 848 families

3. Rejosari, with an area of ​​152 hectares, and the number of families 90 families

II. Chronological History of the Land

1. Before the Year 1926

Residents began bertimpat lived on the disputed land is still forested. Mbah Dono punden Tirto is now the proof. During his life, he was the first to clear the forest for agriculture.

2. Year 1926

Holland entered and ordered the indigenous people who live there to open shrubs for planting cottonwoods and cassava. This went on for two years (1926-1928). At that time, the Netherlands converting forests into plantations shrubs cottonwoods.

3. Year 1941-1942

During World War II, Japan went in there replacing the Netherlands. At that time, many natives that are romusha her and driven to the beach Dlodo and Sine. In addition, Japan also planted cocoa plantation crops as intercropping plants.

4. Year 1946-1948

At the time of independence, neglected plantations and people lose income. In this uncertain situation, the people build houses out of bamboo thatched roof. Then open farmland on the sidelines of the plant cottonwoods.

5. Year 1949-1956

Garden party managed civil / private uncertain condition. In addition, people have the opportunity to plant coconut trees around the house as karangkitri.

6. Year 1957

Due to uncertain situation, the entrepreneurs competing, forces under the auspices of the Military Command VIII (now Kodam V) UB took over and gave the management of the DAM Puskopad VIII (now Kodam V) UB. Demolition ensued, including a ban on residents to plant in the garden. Then those who had already planted cheaply reimbursed force and the result becomes the property of the garden.

7. Year 1961

Plantation Kaligentong directly controlled by the State Authority under the supervision of the War / Martial Law in East Java Regional Military Commander by Skep VIII / BRW No. KPMD-23/4/1961 dated 14 April 1961.

8. Year 1968

Puskopad ordered all residents to move all the homes are on the edge of the road. Related to the location of the garden harvest deposit required 20 percent and 25 percent for tenants.

9. Year 1988

Puskopad prohibits permanent home (foundation and plaster). In addition, it should not add wuwung (roof) for new families.

10. Year 1990-1992

Puskopad rent garden to PG Modjopanggung Tulungagung.

11. Year 2000-2002

Puskopad Tirto rent garden to PT Bumi Surabaya.

12. Year 2003-Now

Puskopad rent garden to PT Golden Makmur Abadi Balesono Tulungagung. To meet the demands of the population, through its letter No. 590/109/301/2005 vBulletin Regents March 31, 2005 it released a land area of ​​98.14 hectares to the local government in accordance Skep vBulletin Commander V / BRW No. Skep/104/VI/2005 date June 13, 2005.

III. Current Conditions in Land Dispute

Geographically, the land in dispute is in remote areas Tulungagung south, about 35 km from the city center. Village boundaries with each other only in the form of teak and acacia. Reaching the dispute, will travel through rocky road (macadam) up and down as far as 8 km. As far as the eye could see, it would seem coconut trees and cottonwoods on the sidelines of maize, rice, and cassava.

Although located in the mountains which is about 4 km from the beach, the character of land there is relatively dry and barren. However, when the rainy season comes, the ground becomes muddy and slippery. The road is not easy to pass a vehicle. A living, people utilize the land in between the palm trees and cottonwoods as agricultural land. 

 Almost all building materials derived from bamboo or plank. Therefore, Kodam Brawijaya prohibit permanent building and planting cash crops such as coffee. However, the existing buildings on the edge of the road is dominated by permanent buildings, even in simple conditions, which have not been painted, or just plastered cement.

To resolve this conflict, residents formed teleh Discharge Land Settlement Agency (P3L) chaired by Mr Sutrisno, the Secretary Mr. Sakin. The institute is mandated as a means of mediating between citizens and the UB Regional Military Command, Regional Executive, Corporate Land tenants, local leaders and other relevant stakeholders.

Based on the meeting held on 26 April 2012, committed citizens will not cause problems, anarchy, and stop all activities outside parties who will manage the land, until a joint decision by the House of Representatives Commission I Kodam V UB.

Residents will let land lessees PT Golden Makmur Abadi to pick their crops. However, they can not grow back or recover the landBecause people often accept intimidation and violence, many residents are out of their area and go to urban areas. While homes and their land became dormant assets. While up to now be; um no one citizen has any ownership over their land letter. Tenure based solely hereditary factors.

IV. Recommendation

Based on deals among with residents, there are two things that must be met in an effort to land dispute

1. Release of Land Settlement Implementing Agency (P3L) must be able to verify the details of land tenure in any of the disputed region. Thus, so obviously every land that was owned by the family.

2. Society promises no more conflict in land dispute resolution process Kaligentong Tulungagung

Sea Protection in Indonesia

Sea Protection in Indonesia

By David Raja Marpaung

              As a country that adheres to the doctrine of Island States, the presence of the Indonesian coast guard is obligatory. With the expanse of sea and shoreline areas are spacious and filled a lot of gaps, the existence of the coast guard can be one effective solution to deter nuisance and security threat in the sea.

          One embryo coastguard Indonesia is a unit within the Department of Transportation, more precisely the Directorate Marine and Coastal Unity Guard.. The Directorate is responsible for the safety of shipping safety, and providing security and order and supervision of all regulations concerning marine transportation safety and security of shipping and port operations.

          Although the status of civil institutions, KPLP has an attribute that is almost similar to the military-in this case the navy. In terms of caste, just as TNI, KPLP has class enlisted, NCO and officer. In terms of implementation of tasks KPLP facilitated with guns and patrol boats, and has a semi ethics official military.

            Embryo Indonesia coast guard is another Bakorkamla (Maritime Security Coordinating Board). Historically, Bakorkamla established through Presidential Decree 81 of 2005 which functions in,a. Formulation and determination of public policy in the field of maritime security;b. Coordination of activities and the implementation of tasks in the field of maritime security which includes the protection, surveillance, prevention and prosecution of violations of law and security and the security of the shipping community and government activities in the territories Indonesian waters;c. Providing technical and administrative support in the areas of integrated maritime security (Article 4).

          Broadly speaking, by Government Order, the main character is a non Bakorkamla structural under and responsible to the President, as an organization of coordination, and, not as a law enforcement agency. With the all the characters are not firm and clear, it is no wonder that Bakorkamla can not do much in terms of security surveillance at sea. In short, it can be said Bakorkamla was one of the victims of the bad aspects of the application of 'coordination' in relation to Indonesia's bureaucracy. As a result, efforts to reduce inequality of authority in terms of cross-sectoral marine safety just a discourse.

            Enactment of Law No. 17 Year 2008 on the voyage and then blew a little fresh air to the coast guard discourse in Indonesia. According to Article 276, Chapter XVII, Guard Sea and Coast , Law No. 17 Year 2008 on the voyage, stated that,1) To ensure the implementation of safety and security at sea and enforcing maintenance functions implemented regulations in the sea and the beach.2) Implementation of the functions referred to in paragraph (1) carried out by the sea and the coast guard.3) the sea and the coast guard as described in paragraph (2) is formed and is responsible to the President and the technical operation carried out by the Minister.

                 The article explains that the sea and the coast guard Indonesia is responsible for the supervision and law enforcement in the sea and the beach. Institution itself is then responsible to the President and the technical operation carried out by the Minister, where in this case the Ministry of Transportation is responsible.               Department of Transportation alone has scheduled a cross-agency discussions on the Draft Government Regulation (RPP) on the Agency and Coast Guard Sea or Sea and Coast Guard began in March 2009. Discussion RPP involves among others the Ministry of Defence, Police, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries and Maritime Security Coordinating Board.

Short Analysis: weakness of counter-terrorism laws in Indonesia

Short Analysis: Weakness of Counter-Terrorism Laws in Indonesia

BY David Raja Marpaung S.IP , M.Def

Although various attempts have been made, and the actors have a lot to get caught, predicted terrorism would still be a problem of the nation in the future. Therefore, this issue is used as one of the priorities in the government agenda.

Weak legislation

Currently, Indonesia has had Law. 15 Year 2003 on Combating Criminal Acts of Terrorism. However, it was felt that the existence of the law is not adequate to address acts of terror even more prevalent after the application of Law no. 15 of 2003. Therefore, there are thought to create or revise some laws and regulations relating to the eradication of terrorism, namely:

• Need to be made Law On Intelligence (during the existence of the BIN only based Instruction, the Instruction of the President of the Republic of Indonesia No. 5 of 2002), so that there is clear coordination among all the intelligence agencies in Indonesia, both in the field of duty, authority, and responsibilities of each.

• Law should be revised. 15 Year 2003 on Combating Criminal Acts of Terrorism. Even if there is a view that assesses the need for a stronger rule of law (read: kind of Homeland Security Act / ISA), it is necessary to study thoroughly and deeply, given the existence of similar laws in the past and the experience left a bad impression on most people Indonesia.

To increase the effectiveness of counter-terrorism, in a meeting with Menkopolhukam on August 31, 2009, the House of Representatives Commission I Commission deems it necessary to Law No. 15 of 2003 on the Crime of Terrorism repaired include improving aspects of Prevention and capacity, including the possible establishment of a body operationally authorized to perform combat duty / counter-terrorism. In this connection the Commission I urge the Government to issue regulations as the elaboration of the provisions of Law No. 34 Year 2004 on the Indonesian National Armed Forces and Law No. 2 of 2002 on the Indonesian National Police, to set more detailed provisions of Rule of Engagement (rules of engagement) military, Military Operations In addition to job-related military war, including the rules of military engagement in addressing terrorism and perbantuan duty military to police.

No less important is the need for communities to be more involved to participate in fostering and maintaining security in their respective environments. In other words, it needs a more proactive effort to increase the sensitivity and awareness of domestic security.

It should also be understood that terrorism is not linked to religion, race, culture, or a particular nationality. Solving the problem of terrorism is also not enough just to eradicate after the action occurred. But the important thing is to find a root cause of terrorism why a growing sector in the country (particularly in Indonesia). In connection with this, the most fundamental question that should be asked is "why" a criminal act of terrorism occurs, not "what" is meant by terrorism. By knowing how a criminal act of terrorism occurs, then the therapy to "cure" might be easier to do.

Study of Terrorism

Study of Terrorism

By: David Raja Marpaung S.IP M.Def

A. The definition of terrorism.

1. According to the UN Convention in 1937, all forms of terrorism are criminal acts directed against the state with the intention of creating a form of terror against specific people or groups of people or society at large.

2. U.S. Department of Defense in 1990. Terrorism is the unlawful act or acts that contains threats of violence or coercion against individuals or property to coerce or intimidate governments or societies for the purpose of political, religious or ideological.

B. Terrorism motivation.

Terrorists inspired by different motives. Motivation of terrorism can be classified into three categories: rational, psychology and culture can then be translated into broader:

1. Freeing the country. Fighters - Palestinian militants on 15 November 1988 it proclaimed independence in Algeria. In achieving these objectives PLO eventually divided into two fronts, namely front Intifada and the radical militant movement (Hamas). For the state of Israel, the PLO however shape classified as a terrorist group

2. Separating themselves from the legitimate government (separatists). IRA (Irish Republica Army) in any of the activities labeled as terrorists by the British government. . In Indonesia it had occurred in Aceh, Papua, and is still going on.

3. In protest the prevailing social system. Italian Red Brigades, which aimed to liberate Italy from the capitalists multinasionalis, by the Italian government put in a terrorist group. In Indonesia, this is done by the radical Islamic group or isla, hardliners dissatisfied with the social system, and especially the capitalist economic system that developed in Indonesia.

4. Get rid of the enemies of political enemies. Widely used Kadafi to get rid of political opponents by mengirirnkan DeadSquad to kill. The most prominent attempt to kill Libyan bekasPM A. Hamid Bakhoush in Egypt using pembunuhpembunuhbayarandari Europe. In Indonesia President Yudhoyono himself has commented that he is a terrorist target or targets.

C. Terrorism purpose.

The goal of terrorists can be divided into long-term goals and short-term goals.

Short-term goals.

1. Gaining recognition from local, national and internationally for his battle.

2. Triggering the government's reaction, over-reaction and repressive measures that could lead to unrest in society.

3. Disrupt, undermine and embarrass the government, military or other security forces.

4. Showed no's government was able to protect and secure its citizens.

5. Prevent or hinder the decision of the executive or the legislature.

6. Satisfactory or revenge.

Long-Term Goals

1. Cause dramatic changes in the government such as revolution, civil war or a war between nations.

2. Creating favorable conditions for the terrorists during the guerrilla war.

3. Influence policy decision makers both locally, nationally or internationally.

4. Obtain political recognition as a legal entity to represent an ethnic or national group.

D. Recruitment

1. Based Recruitment Agency

First, the safest way, they recruit new members from the seeds of quality in the educational institutions of their own, such as boarding schools or even just study-study routine.

To the candidates in question, a special team appointed will hold briefing process systematically. In this process, attention is drawn more to the indoctrination.

In the span of time planned, time will come prepared candidates that were initiated or taken the oath of allegiance. They pledged to listen and obey their leaders. They also vowed not to betray to their organization, whatever the situation demands.

They will be assigned in units of small cells effectively. Therefore, their confidentiality is assured. When the cells were destroyed by the government authorities, the situation will not harm other cells.

Each cell members responsible only to the head of the cell. Not to the supreme leader or imam them, so that the motion can still continue their struggle to walk and to regenerate.

2. Based Recruitment of Non-Agency

Second, a practical and cost-effective and energy, they recruit new members from the community around them.

In this way, it takes no training or formation-physical formation. A candidate can be recruited to immediately assigned, any risk that happening. Recruitment point lies in the recruiting efforts of persuasion.

The process starts from the recruitment potential members. The number of candidates, usually, not much. Five people have already said too much. Now the terrorist group targets youth even student groups as an operator in the field.

E. Funding

Robbery.

Operations that are carried out by terrorist groups is very expensive. To fund their terrorist activities rob a bank or armored car carrying large amounts of money. Bank robbery can also be used as a test for new personnel training program.

Extortion

Terrorists often use hijacking operations, particularly aircraft for ransom to free the hostages.

Another way is to kidnap important people or families to obtain large amounts of ransom money.

Hawalla System or fictitious trading

Terrorist groups do fictitious trading system or hawalla system to launder the proceeds of crime, or transfer money from a sponsor or donor.

For example, a terrorist group in Indonesia exporting trashy recognized as a super-advanced technology, and are sold with a very high into the middle east which is the main financier of terrorist movements.

Kajian Teorisme

Kajian Teorisme

By:David Raja Marpaung S.IP M.Def

A. Definisi terorisme.

1.   Menurut Konvensi PBB tahun 1937, Terorisme adalah segala bentuk tindak kejahatan yang ditujukan langsung kepada negara dengan maksud menciptakan bentuk teror terhadap orang-orang tertentu atau kelompok orang atau masyarakat luas.

2.   US Department of Defense tahun 1990. Terorisme adalah perbuatan melawan hukum atau tindakan yang mengan-dung ancaman dengan kekerasan atau paksaan terhadap individu atau hak milik untuk memaksa atau mengintimidasi pemerintah atau masyarakat dengan tujuan politik, agama atau idiologi.

B. Motifasi Terorisme.

Teroris terinspirasi oleh motif yang berbeda. Motifasi terorisme dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi tiga kategori : rasional, psikologi dan budaya yang kemudian dapat dijabarkan lebih luas menjadi :

1.   Membebaskan Tanah Air. Pejuang - pejuang Palestina pada 15 Nopember 1988 memproklamasikan kemerdekaan-nya di Aljazair. Dalam mencapai tujuan tersebut pada akhirnya PLO terbagi atas dua front yaitu front Intifada dan gerakan radikal garis keras ( HAMAS ). Bagi negara Israel , PLO bagaimanapun bentuknya digolongkan ke dalam kelompok teroris

2.   Memisahkan diri dari pemerintah yang sah ( separatis ). IRA (Irish Republica Army ) dengan segala bentuk kegiatannya dicap sebagai teroris oleh pemerintah Inggris. . Di Indonesia ini sempat terjadi di Aceh, dan masih berlangsung di Papua.

3.    Sebagai protes sistem sosial yang berlaku. Brigade Merah Italia, yang bertujuan untuk membebaskan Italia dari kaum kapitalis multinasionalis, oleh pemerintah Italia dimasukkan ke dalam kelompok teroris. Di Indonesia hal ini dilakukan oleh kelompok islam radikal atau isla, garis keras yang tidak puas dengan system sosial, dan terutama system ekonomi kapitalis yang berkembang di Indonesia.

4.   Menyingkirkan musuh-mu-suh politik. Banyak digunakan Kadafi untuk menyingkirkan lawan-lawan politiknya dengan cara mengirirnkan DeadSquad untuk membunuh . Yang paling menonjol usaha membunuh bekasPM Libya A. Hamid Bakhoush di Mesir yang menggunakan pembunuhpembunuhbayarandari Eropa. Di Indonesia sendiri Presiden SBY sendiri pernah berkomentar kalau dirinya menjadi sasaran atau target teroris.

C. Tujuan Terorisme.

Tujuan dari teroris dapat dibedakan menjadi tujuan jangka panjang dan tujuan jangka pendek.

Tujuan jangka pendek.

1.   Memperoleh pengakuan dari lokal, nasional maupun dunia internasional atas perjuangannya.

2.   Memicu reaksi pemerintah, over reaksi dan tindakan represif yang dapat mengakibatkan keresahan di masyarakat.

3.   Mengganggu, melemahkan dan mempermalukan pemerintah, militer atau aparat keamanan lainnya.

4.   Menunjukkan ketidak-mampu-an pemerintah dalam melin-dungi dan mengamankan warganya.

5.   Mencegah ataupun menghambat keputusan dari badan eksekutif atau legislatif.

6.    Memuaskan atau membalaskan dendam.

Tujuan Jangka Panjang

1.   Menimbulkan perubahan dramatis dalam pemerintahan seperti revolusi, perang saudara atau perang antar negara.

2.   Menciptakan kondisi yang menguntungkan bagi pihak teroris selama perang gerilya.

3.   Mempengaruhi kebijaksanaan pembuat keputusan baik dalam lingkup lokal, nasional atau internasional.

4.   Memperoleh pengakuan politis sebagai badan hukum untuk mewakili suatu suku bangsa atau kelompok nasional.

D. Rekrutmen

1.   Rekrutmen Berbasis Lembaga

Pertama, cara yang paling aman, mereka merekrut anggota-anggota baru itu dari bibit-bibit bermutu yang ada di lembaga-lembaga pendidikan milik mereka, seperti pesantren-pesantren atau bahkan sekedar pengajian-pengajian rutin.

Kepada calon-calon yang dimaksud, tim khusus yang ditunjuk akan mengadakan proses pengarahan secara sistematis. Dalam proses ini, perhatian tertuju lebih kepada indoktrinasi.

Dalam rentang waktu yang direncanakan, akan tiba waktunya calon-calon yang disiapkan itu dibaiat atau diambil sumpah setia. Mereka berikrar untuk mendengar dan menaati pimpinan mereka. Mereka juga bersumpah untuk tidak berkhianat kepada organisasi mereka, apa pun keadaan yang menuntut.

Mereka akan ditugaskan dalam satuan sel-sel kecil yang efektif. Karena itu, kerahasiaan mereka terjamin. Ketika satu sel dihancurkan oleh aparat pemerintah yang berwenang, keadaan itu tidak akan membahayakan sel-sel yang lain.

Masing-masing anggota sel hanya bertanggung-jawab kepada pimpinan sel. Bukan kepada pemimpin tertinggi atau imam mereka, sehingga gerak perjuangan mereka masih bisa terus berjalan dan melakukan regenerasi.

2.   Rekrutmen Berbasis Non-Lembaga

Kedua, cara yang praktis dan hemat biaya serta tenaga, mereka menjaring anggota-anggota baru dari masyarakat di sekitar mereka.

Dalam cara ini, tidak dibutuhkan pelatihan-pelatihan atau pembentukan-pembentukan fisik. Seorang calon anggota dapat direkrut untuk segera ditugaskan, apa pun resiko yang terjadi. Titik perekrutan terletak pada upaya persuasi orang yang merekrut.

Proses tersebut dimulai dari penjaringan calon-calon anggota. Jumlah calon anggota, biasanya, tidak banyak. Lima orang sudah dikatakan terlalu banyak. Kini kelompok teroris bahkan mengincar kaum muda kelompok pelajar sebagai operator di lapangan.

E. Pendanaan

Perampokan.

Operasi yang di-laksanakan oleh kelompok teroris adalah sangat mahal. Untuk mendanai kegiatan mereka teroris merampok bank atau mobil lapis baja yang membawa uang dalam jumlah besar. Perampokan bank juga dapat digunakan sebagai ujian bagi program latihan personil baru.

Pemerasan

Teroris sering menggunakan operasi pembajakan, terutama pesawat untuk meminta tebusan untuk membebaskan para sandera.

Cara lain adalah dengan penculikan orang orang penting atau keluarganya untuk mendapatkan tebusan dana dalam jumlah besar.

Hawalla System atau perdagangan fiktif

Kelompok teroris melakukan system perdagangan fiktif atau hawalla system untuk mencuci uang hasil kejahatan, atau mentransfer uang dari sponsor atau donor.

Misalnya sebuah kelompok teroris di Indonesia mengekspor barang rongsok yang diakui sebagai alat teknologi super canggih, dan dijual dengan sangat tinggi ke timur tengah yang merupakan pendana utama gerakan teroris.

National Security Problem in Indonesia

Study Case: Sampang Violence

By David Raja Marpaung

In the last 10 years, government and citizen capability in maintaining the integrity of the Indonesian nation are weak. Violence in the name of religion re-occur happen. This time repeated in Sampang, when. Sunni and Shia groups arguing, attacking each other, and ended with the burning of a number of Shiite followers home

In the case of Sampang, the problem becomes more complex because of the two contexts. First, the conflict was actually not out of a personal conflict between the two brothers in the fighting "something". To add ammunition power, respectively and then "ask for help" from a community based on the understanding that the two streams.

Second, the conflict in Sampang occur in areas classified as retarded. Sampang District is one district behind. Education level of society, for example, below the average level of education in East Java. Economic life is also quite poor

Meanwhile, paternalistic culture is still strong. Level of compliance with community leaders still high. It is not surprising that we find the reality that the people who were directly involved in violent conflicts, there is really no substance to understand in depth theological similarities and differences between Sunni and Shia. All they know is, they are part of the Sunni and Shia. When there is a move to cancel each other out, they simply followed the invitation.

In the context of Indonesian-ness, what happened in Sampang was very worrying. Since the beginning, the construction of nationhood built Indonesia is a nation of diverse, but one. Construction is in line with the frame of multicultural understanding.  

A pluralistic nation will be well established when each group recognizes and supports the existence of other groups. Supports other groups to exist, means to support himself to remain there. In addition, a pluralistic nation will run well when between one group and another group can and work together.

Ethnic differences, social class, religion, and other sociological characteristics are not an obstacle for them to interact with each other in everyday life. Case in contrast to the characteristics Sampang multicultural understanding. Among the warring parties that there is no thought and action for mutual recognition and efforts to negate each other. Further consequence, they do not want cooperation with each other.

Linked to the unrest in Sampang, we should be able to think clearly bahwasaanya unrest, not religious issues (conflict between Shia-Sunni), but purely criminal matters (family). Therefore, we asked the religious / community to help calm the people and not give misleading comments that could disturb the atmosphere.

Supposedly, the incidence of violence in the name of religion should not be happening in Indonesia is a democratic country. Moreover, religious freedom is stipulated in the constitution. There is no one religion that justifies his followers to violence. So that similar incidents do not recur and spread to other areas, law enforcement officials must act decisively

Dangers of Radicalism against the Republic of Indonesia

Preliminary
The phenomenon of radicalism in Indonesia to be an interesting issue to be taken seriously. The issue of radicalism in Indonesia can often be found at berabagai reviews in various media. Ranging from religious radicalism to be social. Radicalism of course at some particular degree can lead to an instability and social security, so that ultimately the question of radicalism is to be completed within the realm of defense and security.

Why is there radicalism?
Above questions is an important question in the answer before explaining the link between radicalism and the threat to the integrity and security of the country. Radicalism is the result of a process of marginalization and inequality that exist in society. Poverty for example, is one issue that also fosters radicalism movements.

The government can legally claim that Indonesia continues to experience a good economic growth. Bank Indonesia estimates that Indonesia experienced economic growth of 5.5 to 6% is in fact merely an idea of ​​economic growth is quantitatively not qualitatively touch. In fact, the unemployment rate remains high, including the amount to 9.43 million people. Although the government claims that the unemployment rate decreased repetition, but after the study, informal sector and the community turned out to be the best sector to absorb labor. So the significance of the role of government in reducing unemployment is clearly visible.

The next issue is the implementation of democracy is no longer grounded in the national identity as a nation that likes deliberation. Local elections such as a greater emphasis on the aspect of quantity or a majority vote rather than using the principle of consensus. Thus, the voice becomes the voice of marginalized minorities. Coupled with the problems of majority rule without the rule of law. Head chosen because it is a majority vote of a crime suspect. This triggers the minority community to voice his voice in a way that is not orderly.

Against the danger of radicalism and National Security
Continued high levels of poverty pose a problem to the existence of the poor. So easy for them from slipping into a variety of adverse actions and melanggara law. Motorbike Gang for example, up to the forums to violent groups just to show an existence.
When it does, and lower levels of society gathered in a specific group and tend to perform an action that anarchists, it is very difficult for authorities to control the anarchic activities carried out by these groups. Surely this anarchy become a threat to stability and national security.

At least there are some events that radicalism and anarchism mass media spotlight in recent months; events in the mass anarchism Ampera (in front of the South Jakarta District Court), and the violence in Jakarta will be undertaken radical groups such as community organizations such as FPI and FBR. In 2007, there were 10 acts of violence by the FPI. 2008 there were eight acts of violence by the FPI and FBR. In 2009, there were 40 action by the FPI, FBR and the Betawi Youth Front and the year 2010 there were 49 action by the FPI. The large number of violent anarchism is an indicator of why a potential threat to national security.

Solutions and Closures

Mapping of the range of problems we can conclude that in general, a problem that occurs is the marginalization of certain groups within the context of economic, social, legal and political.
Marginalization problem is closely related to the issue of 'access', meaning that there are problems of limited access in public later restricting certain groups to participate in the dynamics of economic, social, legal and political. Therefore, the primary solution should be emphasized by the government is reducing the form of limited access to economic, social, legal and political.

Access limitations can be overcome for example by increasing the number of jobs, improve the quantity and quality of social facilities as a means of actualizing the community, improve the fairness of legal services and improve accountability and articulation of political channels available.

As a concluding note, the rampant growth of the movement and radical groups in Indonesia are also influenced by the kind of 'omission' of the state apparatus so that the impression that their existence is socially normal. Is something wrong if the state officials, especially law enforcement officials distanced themselves from the activities of radical groups for fear of being branded as violators of democracy and freedom of association. Conversely, every law enforcement officials should be able to act decisively in cracking down on radical groups in accordance with applicable laws corridor because after all, in democracy and freedom of association in Indonesia is currently subject to the rule of law that is not infiltrated by anarchism and violence.

Immigration viewed from the perspective of the Defense and Security
By David Raja Marpaung

Immigration basically have strategic value to the defense and national security. This is because the major function of immigration as a state institution responsible for the administration and control of traffic flow of people between countries. Here it is understood that immigration is directly located on the first layer of the leading countries in the region (read: the border) that serves to counter external threats. As we know that the immigration work in the region 'modern borders' such as airports, seaports and border crossing / onshore terminal.

Regarding the issue of Immigration
There are several problems in the field of immigration that has real implications for the issues of defense and national security should receive more attention, namely,

1.Monitoring against foreigners inflows to Indonesia along with the validity of their residence permit

This is a fundamental function of the primary responsibilities of the immigration authorities. They must conduct periodic administrative supervision of the foreign national to visit Indonesia. It is inevitable that many foreigners who come to Indonesia, and not a few of them have the potential to provide defense and security threats in Indonesia, for example, conducts intelligence operations by foreign countries.

2. Counter-terrorism
Immigration into the first door to the possibility of entry filtration to people suspected of having ties / capabilities by radical groups in Indonesia. Therefore, the immigration should be strengthened to support information technology and networks internationally with immigration in other countries.

3. Illegal immigrants

Illegal immigration problem is a ticking time bomb for Indonesia and should be treated early. As you know, Indonesia is one of the countries 'transit' favorite for some asylum seekers / illegal immigrants before they reach the destination country. The problem is, the current government seemed to turn a blind eye to the fact that Indonesia is slowly used as the 'reservoir' by the destination country. This can be seen from the weak to the immigration counter to the current in the conduct of illegal immigrants from the countries 'transit' before (Malaysia / Thailand) is mostly done through the territorial sea.

4. Illegal migrants issue
TKI problem is a classic problem that until now there has never been a positive solution. For those who keep the 'exit' of this country, the immigration should be more pro-active action to address the problem of illegal migrant workers.

National Strategic Issues

Besides some of the problems above, the main problem is still a part of immigration is the fact that until recently the government has yet to optimize the strategic value of immigration for defense and security of Indonesia. Is something ironic when geographically Indonesia has thousands of islands and hundreds of kilometers of sea and land area, but the government has not been able to control the flow of traffic through the cracks.

Is greater, must be noted that the government still sees the modern border management such as airports, seaports or land terminal as something that is handled separately by various agencies such as immigration, customs, police, quarantine, etc.. In fact, in some developed countries like in Europe, modern border region has been integrated in one system that includes CIQS (Custom, Immigration, and Security Quarantinne).

The fourth element is then used in an integrated way to ensure both the security of the state (state security) example of the threat of terrorism and human security (human security) example of the threat of endemic diseases such as bird flu. Thus, issues such as terrorism, illegal immigration, the threat of endemic and other diseases can be detected and prevented