Flight Information Region Issues Between Indonesia And Singapore

Flight  Information  Region Issues  

Between Indonesia And Singapore

By David Raja Marpaung S.IP M.Def

Identification of Problems

        Flight Information Region (FIR) is a division of airspace which aims to ensure flight safety and security established by countries belonging to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).FIR is required for flight operations and are based media space flight safety considerations.

In the FIR implementation has generated a lot of obstacles both in Indonesia and the implementation of civil aviation and law enforcement operations in the region around Tanjung Pinang and Natuna conducted by both the Air Defense Command nationwide as well as by the Navy to conduct Maritime Operations, for the control of air space exists at the Singapore Air Traffic Control (ATC Singapore). 

For example the flight path from Tanjung Pinang to Ranai or otherwise can not fly straight, so it will add to the air time that will also add another pesawatContoh operating costs for military aircraft that will perform the operation, air patrol and military exercises around Natuna Batam and Tanjung Pinang was often hampered due to the setting of air space by Singapore ATC is merely prelude to her own kepenti. It hurts our sense of nationalism.

FIR zoning often does not refer to the country's airspace sovereign so often in conflict with the sovereignty of a country. Basic Flight Information Region, the laws contained in Article 28 of the Chicago Convention in 1944 and 1944 Chicago Convention Annex 11, which reads, "undertakes, so far as it may find practicable, to Provide, in its territory, airports, radio services, meteorological services, navigation and other water water facilities to facilitate international navigation, in accordance with the standards and practices recommended or established from time to time, pursuant to this Convention ".

However according to Annex 11, Indonesia may delegate scouting air traffic to the other country and it is also contained in Article 262 paragraph (1) point (a) and Law No. 1 Year 2009 on Aviation.Delegation does not reduce the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia. If Indonesia is considered to have capable, then the delegation is to be returned to Indonesia. Usually when a country has been unable to control its air space as has been experienced by Vietnam at the beginning of its independence, the ATC in the FIR airspace was taken over by the state of Thailand. With the same case with Indonesia, Vietnam is now taking over ATC in the FIR which was originally delegated to Thailand, which are required at the time of the Regional Air Navigation (RAN) Meeting in Bangkok

Singapore's current existence of FIR in accordance with the Agreement Between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of the Republic of Singapore on the Realignment of the Boundary Between the Singapore Flight Information Region and the Jakarta Flight Information Region, dated 21 September 1995.H al principal contained in the agreement signed in 1995 are:

In Section 2 the agreement between Indonesia and Singapore which has been determined that the Indonesian delegate control of airspace in the Riau Islands Indonesia to Singapore (the Agreement between Indonesia and Singapore at the time it was just called the Natuna).

Agreement between Indonesia and Singapore are set to expire after five years from the signature, so the agreement on the delegation of Singapore FIR has ended on September 21, 2000. If the agreement had expired in 2000, then the laws of Singapore does not have the right to control the ATC in the Singapore FIR because it does not comply with the conditions set by ICAO, mainly in Annex 11.

Implications of the Singapore FIR

Mastery of the FIR by Seingapura Trafficc Air Control (air traffic control) then all aviation laws and regulations to follow rules made by the Singapore government. Therefore, the control of ATC by Singapore's national air sovereignty in the region, namely the Riau Islands has implications for Indonesia. The implications are as follows:

A. Violations of State Sovereignty in the Air

National Air Defense Command (Kohanudnas) through the unit under the command staffs Sector I (doormat I) has often captured the movement of foreign aircraft, especially military aircraft in the Riau Islands Singapore via Tanjung Pinang Unit 213 Radar and Radar Unit Natuna 212 aircraft movements without a Clearance light that should have become imperative if foreign aircraft flying in airspace Indonesia. This action is categorized as a black flight and an act of violation of national airspace. Airspace violations that occurred during 2008 in Kosekhanudnas 1 is 18 times and 15 times in 2009 (Data from Kosekhanudnas I, 2010)

B. Aspects of Air Defense weakness.

With limited land, sea and airspace at the same time, the control of ATC in Singapore is providing the opportunity and flexibility to Singapore to perform illegal acts such as intelligence activities, aerial photography and train pilots to carry out the exercise / training in Indonesian airspace. If this situation persists then the event of open conflict then Singapore will rely on speed and surprise.

C. Economic losses

The meaning of Article 6 of Republic Act Indonesi N0 1 in 2009

Flight of the very clearly states that the flight of foreign aircraft routes through Indonesia's national airspace must obtain permission from the government of Indonesia, and the government has the authority and responsibility to build a defense strategy and enhance the national economy by utilizing the air media.

In explanation of the article also mentioned that the airspace of the air space above the water and land of the Republic of Indonesia is a national treasure that must be harnessed for the magnitude for the benefit of the people, nation and state.

Indonesian Government Regulation No. 14 of 2000 on Tariffs on Non-Tax State Revenue applicable to the Department of Transportation made to optimize revenues to support the development of the country for the welfare of the people. From the economic aspect, the air space is definitely one of the sources of revenues other than oil and gas, as any flight over the territory of Indonesia subject to levy,

According to Tariff Section Chief of Air Transport Services Air Transport Directorate of the Ministry of Transportation: "The whole of Indonesia airspace by foreign aircraft crossed the international routes including the charges levied, except

A sector of the Singapore FIR are collected by the Singapore government and then submitted to the Government of Indonesia "

Restoring Sovereignty business

There has been some takeover attempts FIR has been delegated to Singapore. However, the problem when it is Government Regulation no. 38 of 2002 on the Register of Geographic Coordinates The base line of the dots Islands Indonesia has not been submitted to the Secretary-General.

Currently, government regulation has been revised and has been registered to the UN secretary general, so it needs to be taken steps to restructure the Singapore FIR are beneficial interest of Indonesia.

In case this is indeed unfortunate that, a new aviation law gives us a very long period of time is no later than 15 (fifteen) years to evaluate and eventually have been served by the institutions of national air navigation service providers.

But in the short term needs first proposed, the placement of Liasion Officer (LO) of ATS Kohanudnas in Singapore, and the need that there is a demand from Indonesia, Singapore ATS should give priority to civil and military aircraft conducting flight in Indonesia around the region.

Understanding Indonesia Security and Defense Platform

Understanding Indonesia Security and Defense Platform

Concept of Security and Defense in UUD 1945

By David Raja Marpaung

In Article 30 paragraph (2) the 1945 set of concepts of defense and security of the Republic of Indonesia where the national defense and security efforts conducted through the defense and security of the people of the universe (Sishankamrata) by the military and police as the main force and people as a supporting force. In Article 30 UUD 1945 is also set on the roles, responsibilities and functions of Army, Police and the people in the defense and state security.

TNI under Article 30 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution as a state duty to preserve, protect and preserve the integrity and sovereignty, while the Police Department pursuant to Article 30 paragraph (4) of the 1945 Constitution as a means of maintaining state security and public order duty to protect, shelter, serve the public and to uphold the law. As for the people under Article 30 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution have the right and obligation to participate in the defense and state security.

Based on this, the 1945 Constitution carries the basic concepts of defense and security, namely through the People's Security and Defence of the Universe (Sishankamrata) carried out by the TNI and the Police as the main force and people as a supporting force. This can be interpreted that the TNI, Police and the people is a force to be recognized by the 1945 Constitution in order to carry out the efforts of defense and security. Since the Reform Order and the task of TNI and the police authority are separated from each other so that the military currently has the duty and authority in the field of defense (defend, protect and preserve the integrity and sovereignty of the state) while the police have the duty and authority in the field of security (maintaining security and order public duty to protect, nurture, serve the community and to uphold the law) and the people as a supporting force of the TNI and the Police.

I observe that this is the first error lies in the State of Indonesia in the areas of defense and security. The 1945 still uses the title of the chapter called "Defense and State Security", it really did not understand the country apart from that proposed by Prof. integralistic. Soepomo where the state is defined as the integral fabric of society and society is an organic unity. State and society is a unity that is identical and can not be viewed separately. Prof. understand. Soepomo assumes that the state no more than the people who organized, maintained its order, governed, or controlled by the state. Obviously the concept of "integrative state" adopted by the 1945 Constitution is not appropriate because it would create the country's sovereignty as a commander, instead of "people" who should dinomorsatukan, because "the State" would not exist without the "community" and "society" if not protected well will cause a "state" to be divided.

With the conception of Article 30 UUD 1945 think that's supposed to police and elements of Indonesia's defense and security of other countries must be on duty. I observe that events such as Mesuji, Bima, and Palu is inseparable from the lack of law enforcement officers police their respective ideologies in understanding the spirit of the Article 30 UUD 1945. Spirit of Article 30 UUD 1945 is actually not the "protection of the state" but "protection of society".

Problem of Indonesia National Security

Problem of Indonesia National Security

By David Raja Marpaung

FGD Presentation at Ministry of Defense 2011

A. Border Problems
Development of border regions is essentially an integral part of national development. The border region has a strategic value in supporting the success of national development, it is shown by the characteristics of activity include:
a. Have any impact pentingbagi state sovereignty.
b. A driving factor for the improvement of social welfare economics surrounding community.
c. Having a relationship of mutual influence with the activities carried out in other areas bordering the regions and between countries.
d. Have an impact on defense and security conditions, both regional and national scale. Resilience border areas need attention very seriously because these conditions will support the national defense within the framework of Homeland.


Border current conditions are:
1. Economic Aspects.
Border region is a region lagging (backward) due to, among other things:
1) The location is relatively isolated (isolated) with a low level of accessibility.
2) Low levels of education and public health.
3) The low level of socio-economic welfare frontier society (the number of poor and underdeveloped villages).
4) Scarcity of information about government and community development in the border area (blank spots).


Socioeconomic disparities border areas with neighboring communities affect the character and lifestyle of local communities and have a negative impact border security and a sense of nationalism. So it is not infrequently the border as an entry or transit point for criminals and terrorists.


2. Social and Cultural Aspects.


Due to globalization and the development of science and technology are so rapid, information and communication technologies especially the Internet, can accelerate the entry and growth of foreign cultures into the life of Indonesian society. Influence of foreign culture is a lot that does not fit with our culture, and could damage national security, as it accelerates dekulturisasi contrary to the values ​​contained in Pancasila. Frontier communities tend to be more quickly influenced by foreign cultures, due to greater intensity of relationships and their economy is very dependent with neighboring countries.


3. Aspects of Defence and Security.
Border region is a vast area of ​​coaching with the pattern of uneven distribution of the population, thus causing a range of government control, supervision and guidance of territorial difficult to implement with a steady and efficient. All forms of activity or activity that is in the border area if not managed properly will have an impact on the state defense and security, regional and international levels, both directly and indirectly. Border areas prone to hiding the GPK, smuggling and other crimes including terrorism, so the need for an integrated cooperation between relevant agencies in their handling.


Efforts to Build Border can be done in the following ways:
1. Enabling System Sishanta
Defense Act No. 3 of 2002, mandates the defense system of the universe. The consequences of the Defense Security System of the Universe make all the components involved and integrated in the system, which all subsystems must function to support the system. Malfunction of one of the subsystems will interrupt the operation of the system. In this case Sishanta which operate based on awareness of rights and obligations of citizens. Urgency setup is so that the system can function at any time ..
2. Developing Detterence 
With the deterrent power, Indonesia can provide a psychological effect on the countries that plan to the threat. One step to achieve such deterrence is conducting modernization or construction of Indonesian military forces. Updates alutsista really done, not just maintenance of existing weapons, but we need to buy weapons and other combat equipment, modern technology has also advanced with the aim of protecting the entire area and homeland of Indonesia.


3. New Regional Development in the Border Region
This view of the border as a remote area we have to change. From now on we must look at the border as a strategic region. Strategically to defend our territory. From an external perspective, or kota-kota/kabupaten territory in the border area is a "storefront" Homeland. That is, progress and welfare of the people in these areas will be "selling" a positive for Indonesia's international diplomacy. In contrast, the economic backwardness or inaction in these areas it will be soft food for foreign parties concerned to weaken the credibility of the Republic of Indonesia in the international world. Therefore, the central and local government areas that have land borders with neighboring countries such as West Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, East Nusa Tenggara and Papua have to prioritize development along the border.


4. Cooperative Security (Security Cooperation)
To prevent conflicts, often the solution to be taken are the cooperation with the opposition. This is related to an existing problem actually comes from misunderstandings, differences of information, different views and interpretations, and different systems adopted. Security cooperation with the bias to be a step between the Governments of Indonesia and Malaysia, especially in solving border problems.


B. Education
If ateacher is not prosperous and poor educational facilities, then the next generation will face the challenge of lost generation.  This is especially true at the level of rural areas or who have a limited budget, and the level of corruption is quite high due to lack of control and monitoring functions. Thankful the government has budgeted 20 percent of state budget funds for education sector.But with the various problems with the welfare of teachers and the inequality of education, there penerepan permaslahan in budget allocation and distribution of the budget to the regions?

All of the success of education reform agenda, is ultimately determined by the elements that are in the forefront, namely teachers. Without teachers who can serve as its flagship, something impossible curricular events following the educational system can achieve the results as expected. Then the main prerequisites that must be met for the continuity of teaching and learning process that ensures the optimization of the 'learning' is curricular is the availability of teachers with qualifications and competence are able to meet the demands of his job. But the reality on the ground conditions are still many teachers still lack the level of welfare. According to the research results, ideally  average earnings of teachers in Indonesia is Rp 3 million per person. But what happens now is Rp 1.5 million for civil servant teachers, Rp 450 thousand for teacher aides, and Rp 10 thousand per hour for teachers. This amount is still very far from the benchmark welfare of teachers. Therefore, injustice is accepted by the teachers should get serious attention of government. About the injustice experienced by teachers in the area, it is associated with two things: First, the issue of regional autonomy. With the enactment of regional autonomy the Education Department in each county / city has the autonomy to determine programs they make, as well as with the budget set. Irregularities in the operational problems should be dealt with directly by the Regional Supervisory Agency (BAWASDA). Moreover, this issue has been enlarged and can spotlight masyarakt a lot, very funny if BAWASDA long to intervene. Second, it showed that less stringent controls in the expenditure budget in the region. Although the CPC is already in the area, but it would be better KPK also created in each district / city, making it easier for reporting allegations of misappropriation of funds or corruption.

Related to certification, the policy is actually very good for setting standards of quality faculty nationally. However, access must be simplified to facilitate teachers getting certified. Problem of "extortion" certification has been heard since two years ago, but until now no real action that gives a deterrent effect. There should be a dismissal and imprisonment for persons who do it, and covered by the mass media.

The government must also carry out supervision of Ministry of Education officials in agencies, and always monitor the amount of their wealth. This can make them afraid to do anything menyimpang.Selain that when there were reports from the public, should be followed up immediately.

Budget 20 percent of the national budget for education sector should be able to bring prosperity for educators, and provide good facilities for students. With this condition, it can be concluded that the first, the distribution is uneven and disproportionate budget for each district / city, and second, there circumcision budget at the level of district / city for the education sector. These funds may be diverted to other sectors such as infrastructure, etc.. Third, the existence of corrupt elements in the related department. Fourth, the cost in the region is high as it was in Part of territory in eastern Indonesia.



C. Horizontal Conflict Related Religion Issues


Escalation sealing, closure, assault, and the suppression of places of worship in Indonesia was in essence a representation of the tribal-religious attitude.
Although there are efforts to improve conditions for freedom of religion and belief, the practice of intolerance, discrimination, and violence continued to occur in Indonesia between 2007 and 2011. State officials and political parties have not been able to guarantee freedom of religion / belief and did not understand the fundamental principles of human rights into the constitutional rights of citizens.
    In 2010, recorded 286 violations of freedom in 20 provinces.This is worrying because most of the provinces in Indonesia have problems of intolerance. Of the 286 forms of action, there is state action involving 103 \ organizer of the state as an actor. Of that number, 24 is the act of omission (by omission) and 79 are active measures, including the provocative statements of public officials and invited theviolence (condoning).Intolerance is a real crisis in sight, but unfortunately the government seemed to let or slow to handle this. In fact, freedom and protection for worship has been mandated by the 1945 Constitution. Pluralism also who can make the Indonesia can advance up to this SAA. In this case the government must be firm. If the establishment of a house of worship had obtained permission, then the local security forces must protect its inception to finish, and its use by the religious community.Do not let happen to tyranny by the majority of religious adherents are much less. This could bring the nation's divisions and resentments in the future. This had happened in Ambon, where the conflict due to a politicized religion can take place until nearly a decade. Problems houses of worship can easily ignite conflict, especially with the fairly large number of fundamental and radical in Indonesia.To overcome intolerance, and understanding amongst build tollerance indeed properly inculcated from an early age through education. Moreover, the level of transition from school to family to society. The availability of religious education curriculum that emphasizes noble values ​​in religious as interacting software makes students better prepared to face life a plural. Schools have a dual role: not only educate students through knowledge transfer activities (transfer of knowledge), but also obliged to transfer value (transfer value) as a guide danmendefinisikan associating themselves in society.On the other hand, the government needs to redesign the curriculum of religious education based on a more multicultural touches on concrete issues, such as the exclusivism, intolerance, apathy, and racial discrimination, so that the phenomenon of suppression of the name of religion can be eliminated.Furthermore, governments need to be proactive, especially in the area to discuss and address issues that arise related to harmonious life between religion.then, Indonesian government must act more decisively against groups that teach Islamic radicalism and often commit acts of violence in the name of religion. If necessary, the government prohibits the existence of groups that are anti against Pancasila and Unity in Diversity.In the aspect of law enforcement, the police must take firm action against perpetrators of the destruction of houses of worship that occurred in various regions in Indonesia. During this time the police seemed to let the destruction of houses of worship.Overall, the State must establish the authority and show empowerment in the face and deal with the actions undertaken intolerant groups. Nullifying the actions undertaken radicalization triggered public and horizontal conflicts. Actions of intolerant groups are the starting point or seed acts more radical. Therefore, the actual state need to take  decisive action

Analysis of Solo Bombing

Analysis of Solo Bombing

by David Raja Marpaung SI.IP M.Def

Suicide bombings erupted again in Solo. One question that often arises,what role the Islamic mass organizations? This question asked by many observers, both inside and outside the country.

President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono said, while the results of the investigation show that acts of terrorism in Bethel Full Gospel Church (GBIS) Kepunton, Tegalharjo, Jebres, Solo, Cirebon linked terrorist network

Head of State also said the group also considered responsible for acts of terrorism in the mosque complex Mapolresta Cirebon about sixmonths ago.

Meanwhile, Police ensure the suicide bombers in Bethel Full Gospel ChurchKepunton, Solo, Central Java, is Yosepa alias Ahmad Hayat (31), one of the fugitive suicide bombers in the Masjid Adh-Dzikro inCirebon City Police Headquarters. Police were still steeped linkage suicide bombings in Solo with events and findings of a bomb blast in Ambon last few days.

It's worse, RI State Police stated there are still seven bombs in the hands of four active players on the list of people searches (DPO) in behind the suicide bombers in Cirebon and Solo.

Reaction of Islamic Mass Organisation

There are among those who judge the Islamic mass organizations did not dare to speak out about the actions of the terrorists. They wanted, if it deemed unfounded terrorism from the substance of the teachings of Islam, Islamic organizations should unequivocallydeclare terrorism a common enemy. Actually, this attitude has been carried out by moderate Muslim groups, but still restricted from those who are often dubbed as the liberal group. Has not been followed openly by the majority who joined in the mass Islamic organizations.
Last decade a growing number of movements claiming to beIslamic group''that most of Islam ". Starting up a radical patternedpatterned liberal. The groups that are active in this claim is actuallya minority, but his movement is worth the "news", then theescalation of a broader opinion. This group is very critical to the development of Muslims. While the majority of Muslims over many chose silence.

Silence of the Islamic mass organizations in the middle of race-induced anxiety can lead to multiple interpretations of terrorist groups. First, they agree to part or all of the demands of minoritygroups. This means there is a conspiracy between majority andminority groups.
Secondly, they were helpless and did not dare to take over the claim because, perhaps, mainstream Islamic institutions such asthe Islamic mass organizations and the characters are so large subsystems of the system that led to the birth of humanmis management. This suggests the occurrence of such an inferiority of the majority.
Third, because the majority of Muslims do not know what to do.They, like Clifford Geertz says, the confusion because the future isarriving early to prepare beyond their speed resulting in what iscalled multiple shock within them. This means that the vision of a minority group in the future prepares people more readily than themainstream Islamic mass organizations.
Fourth, they realize his position as simalakama, then regarded as the best answer still thinking about a more constructive solution.This means that mainstream groups do omission history proceedswithout clear guidelines.
Fifth, the group incorporated in the mainstream Islamic mass organizations are liquid with its pragmatic interests of each. The important thing yourself and your family safe, job / employment can be maintained, while still maintaining their individual piety. Their descriptions of jihad depends on who's facing. Sometimes theydescribe jihad sometimes rationally and emotionally. If so, is goinghipokritisasi in the body of Islamic mass organizations. Hipokritas society is much more severe consequences than hipokritasindividual.

Why church? 

In general, the presence of radical Islamic groups is not considered a threat by Christian groups in Solo. However, at some level of resistance was rarely appears in its various expressions in response to the growing radicalism of certain religious groups.Proselytizing and religious harassment issues often trigger tensions between religious groups such relationships. 

For example, the Surakarta Islamic Youth Front (FPIS) strongly protested a priest because it is considered insulting the Prophet Muhammad in a talk show on radio in 2000. Ramadan month ago, the MUI Solo asked the usual church held a joint iftar to cease their activities even though this practice has been going on an annual basis. 

However, the action this time can be regarded as an exception.Terrorists deliberately planned and carried out a suicide bombing at a church in the middle of the city that had relatively no problems with the Muslims. To consider further the reasons and motives if any Muslim group in Solo, which can excuse the perpetrator's actions. Especially if the offender later found evidence of "foreign" (wong njobo). President Yudhoyono has confirmed it when the press conference. Target the church is not its primary purpose. 

In the end, one thing to be learned from the tragedy of suicide bombings in Solo, also in Cirebon Mapolresta mosque last April, is that terrorism is not merely religious issue. Regrettably, the government has allowed the existence of conditions that allow violence and terror continued. There is no strong political will to break the chain of violence.