Indonesia APC for UN Mission

Indonesian APC  for UN Mission

By David Raja Marpaung S.IP M.Def**

The Indonesian armed forces must be able to transport soldiers quickly and safely in operational areas. Tactical requirements dictate that they must be able to reach objectives rapidly, with some protection from such threats as hostile fire and land mines.  APCs may be tracked or wheeled and there are many different variants to meet specific roles. For example, there are different variants for reconnaissance, electronic warfare, and troop transport missions. APCs provide personnel with basic levels of protection, mobility, and fire-power for self-defense. The APC is vital to ensuring multipurpose, combat-capable armed forces

In this paper,  Indonesia  need to build a new APC  for UN Project, every aspect must be calculated to achieve maximum output with limited financial support. In Lebanon UN Mission is under UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). UNIFIL was established in 1978 with the aim of confirming the withdrawal of Israeli forces from southern Lebanon and assisting the Lebanese Government to restore its authority in the area. Indonesia also gave Military contributors in this project.

A. The Need/ Capability (What Want To Do)

Principles of  UN Operation

1.    UN peacekeeping provides essential security and support to millions of people as well as fragile institutions emerging from conflict. Peacekeepers deploy to war-torn regions where no one else is willing or able to go and prevent conflict from returning or escalating.

2.    The international character of UN Security Council authorized peacekeeping missions provides unparalleled legitimacy to any UN peace operation.

3.    UN peacekeeping is an impartial and widely accepted vehicle for both burden-sharing and effective action.

4.    UN peacekeeping provides a vital stabilizing element of security in post-conflict situation that enables peace efforts to proceed, but it may not be the only tool needed to address every crisis situation. Peacekeeping supports a peace process, it cannot substitute for one.

Military Security Roles:

•         Observation and monitoring

•         Preventive deployment

•         Inter-positioning (buffer)

•         Control of movement

•         Supervision of cease-fire

•         Supervision of withdrawal of forces (including foreign)

•         Demilitarization

•         Disarmament and Demobilization

•         Protection for, facilitation of, humanitarian assistance

•         Support for police law and order function

•         Restoration of peace and security (stabilization)

•         Conflict containment

•         Forcible separation

•         Establishment of safe areas

•         Denial of movement

•         Enforcement of sanctions

Indonesia APC Capability

B. Responsibilities during UN Operations (Stakeholders)

•         DPR/Legislative

•         President

•         Ministry of Defence

•         Ministry of Finance

•         Unified Combatant Commander

•         United Nation

•         Services

•         People/Public

Position of Stakeholder Can Be Described Below:

C. Scenario Purpose

Scenario	Normal	Extended	Exceptional
Operation	Peace Keeping	Peace Making/ Peace Enforcement	Conflict Prevention
Activity	Monitoring, convoy security	Surveillance	Combating
Threat	Sniper, land mine, incoming fire and gauge	Light weapon, land mine,	Guerilla, heavy weapon, tank, anti tank
Routes	Around UN Installation
Urban Landscape	City area, town house, city building	Farm area, hill, urban area	Forrest, dessert, urban are
Roles	Carrying vital medicine and food, supplying troops	Monitor border area, Personnel transit,	Fight with rebellion,  protecting un installation, protect civilian

D. User Requirement (Problem)

The vehicle's ability to withstand high-performance, armour-piercing ammunition fired not only from small arms but also from lightweight carriage-mounted machineguns, as well as shrapnel (e.g. from artillery rounds), and to augment its protection against anti-personnel and antitank mines had to be improved. Due to the weight and volume restrictions they had to use advanced armor materials to meet the protection specifications.

The modular armor protection system used in New Indonesia APC encompasses six harmonized, complementary elements which in part operate in coordinated fashion:

• add-on armor mounted to the exterior of the vehicle housing;
• anti-mine protective plating in the wheel cases;
• reinforced bullet-proof windows;
• reinforced bullet-proof visors for shielding the window exteriors;
• spall-lining of all interior surfaces of the vehicle compartment, and
• a shielded gun mounting (except on the medical vehicles).

Missions:

• Armoured reconnaissance
• Armoured support
• Flanking the main battle corps

E. System Requirement (solving)

It would seem that an 8–10 person APC can form the basis of a usefully versatile multi-role AFV. The exact number of men is derived from anthropomorphic data and levels of required protection, within size and weight constraints are useful, as it is both possible and sometimes desirable to provide APCs with very high levels of protection, especially when operating with main battletanks (MBTs).

The gunner can survey, acquire and track a target, aim and fire from inside the turret with a closed hatch or in a head-out position. The gunner's station is equipped with a day and night periscope sighting. The day periscope sight has a unity magnification window with a collimated aiming circle and an 8x magnification sight with a ballistic reticle. The night periscope sight has a unity magnification window and an image intensifier x7.5 magnification passive night elbow.
The main components of observation system are:

• Doppler radar (optional; 48 km of max detection radius)
• Electro-optical subsystems: CCD camera (effective distance up to 20 km), FLIR and laser distance measurer
• LTD (laser target designator)
• GPS
• BMS (battle management system)
• UHF/VHF radio station
• integrated electric generator (optional)

Self-protection

The standard armoured protection is rated to withstand 7.62 mm armour piercing rounds through a full 360 degrees, and 12.7 mm armour piercing rounds over a 30 degree frontal arc.
Indonesia Defence Strategic Industry will provide 12.7 mm AP round protection over the full 360 degrees.
The crew door at the rear of the vehicle is equipped with a periscope sight. The crew is protected against anti-tank and anti-personnel mines and a full nuclear, biological and chemical warfare protection system is fitted. The crew compartment is fitted with an automatic fire detection and fire fighting system with 3 fire sensors and three Halon 1301 gas containers.
A version of the New Indonesia APC has been built with a rear ramp with an emergency door instead of two doors. The vehicle can also be equipped with a capstan type cable winch.

Engine

The New Indonesia APC is equipped with a Steyr 612.35 6-cylinder turbo diesel engine and a hydro dynamically controlled automatic transmission with a torque converter and lock-up clutch with 5 forward and 1 reverse gear. The engine provides a power to weight ratio of 20.4 kW per ton.
The 6x6 wheels have automatic tyre pressure regulation with a central tyre inflation system. The independent suspension system has telescopic shock absorbers on each wheel. There are coil springs on the first and second axle and torsion bars on the third axle.
The drive train and steering linkages are protected within the hull of the vehicle.

Mobility

The turning radius is 8.5 metres and the maximum speed is typically 100 kilometres per hour. The ground clearance is 430 mm. The vehicle can negotiate natural and man made obstacles such as trenches up to 1.5 metres wide, vertical obstacles to 0.5 metres high, gradients of 70 per cent and side slope to 40 per cent. The APC can ford water to a depth of 1.2 metres. The combat weight is 13,300 kilograms.
The following variants are:

• APC
• Fire Support
• Ambulance
• Command
• Logistics
• Armored Recovery
• Reconnaissance/Surveillance
• Mortar Carrier

** This Paper was made about 1,5 years ago (2009-2010), so maybe part of it need to be update





The Urgency of Police Accountability

The Urgency of Police Accountability

By David Raja Marpaung S.Ip M.Def

Accountability of government institutions is a very important aspect in the system of governance based on democracy and good governance. To carry out its duties, the police as "independent" government organizations are given the budget derived from the tax payers. Is a natural thing when citizens are demanding accountable use of the budget is done efficiently and effectively. Police accountability covering all aspects of policing activities, covering all aspects such as the behavior of members, policiesand policing strategies, the appointment procedure in the office,until the financial management open to scrutiny

One important difference between policing in democratic countries with autocratic country is the problem of police accountability and transparency over all policing activities. This level of accountability in turn will affect the legitimacy of the police in the eyes of the public. In contrast to the authoritarian state police, police accountability in a democracy, made ​​to various institutions. Accountability is an important element in democratic policing.

Police accountability involves two aspects: first, the operationsand police services. Society demanded that the police services provided effectively and the resources allocated to police being used efficiently.

Second, the behavior of members of the police in carrying outthe task. Society demanded that the police behave properly in carrying out his duties. Behavior of members of the police is veryimportant for citizens dealing with the police, especially peoplebelonging to vulnerable groups such as seniors, the poor, andwomen. Accountability here is not only demanded that the police acted lawfully, but also that police treat people humanely

Police accountability is generally based on a desire to prevent the misuse of police powers, to protect the rights and freedoms of the people, so that the police work in accordance with the law, and that there is oversight of police activities.

Parliament to implement strict controls over the police through legislation, the determination of the annual budget of the Police,the appointment of Chief of Police, and through various working meetings with the Chief of Police, especially the HouseCommission III. Working meeting with the Parliament House in the era of reform is much more entensif than ever before. While the parties argue that the House tends to frequent working meetings will negatively affect the performance and the neutrality of the police. At the Police and local Police and Head of the Regional House of Representatives have a mechanism of accountability relationship with the local police chief although still not firmly institutionalized.

The issue has been the problem of the status of the police chief directly under the President. There is a perception that the statepolice chief who thus incompatible with the principles of democracy. Fact which emerges is that while the military compared with that with the Department of Defense should be balanced by placing the police under a particular Ministry.

Operational Accountability of Police carried out in stages internally police organizations ranging from leading members,unit leaders / teams, police chief, police chief, police chief, and so on until the Chief of Police. Besides, there is accountability ofthe police set out in various laws and regulations. Criminal Justice System, Criminal Procedure Code, and various other regulations set the operational accountability of the Police to theCriminal Justice System, Prosecution, and Courts. At the level of Regional  and district, the local parliament and head of the Local may request the local police chief and police chief to explain things in the field of policing. To further strengthen police accountability in local government areas should contribute to support operational policing, especially against a variety of local priorities.

In order to reform the police as accountable institution, there are several choice related the body that will oversight police operation:

First, the oversight agency with full investigative authority that is where all citizen complaints against the behavior of members will be received and investigated by oversight agencies. Institutionswill hire its own investigators who are not members of the police. In this form the absence of involvement of police officers are expected to be more effective and improve public confidence in the results of the investigation.

Second, the oversight agency with limited authority that is authorized to conduct investigations into specific cases. Criteria for cases investigated by the oversight agency is usually the hard cases like the death of a person in custody or other police activities. Investigations are also done in terms of actual real-olepolice investigation was problematic.

Third, oversight agencies are only receiving public complaints,while the investigation of citizen complaints was carried out by the units own internal police and then reported to the oversight agency. Environment of police oversight over the handling of citizen complaints conducted by the Police and national police commission as external agencies.